Danny Bradlow, University of Pretoria
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) will inject $650 billion in Special Drawing Rights into the global economy. It will allocate them among its member states, which can then decide for themselves how they want to use their Special Drawing Rights.
This injection, which will take place on 23 August 2021, is more than double the total number of Special Drawing Rights the IMF has ever issued and is equal to about 5% of total global reserves.
The IMF will allocate the Special Drawing Rights among its member states based on their quotas, which are determined by the size of a country’s economy and its role in the global economy. Therefore, about 60% of these funds will go to rich countries that do not need them. African countries will receive $33.6 billion, with the lion’s share going to the five largest economies on the continent – South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt.
The IMF and many countries recognise that this division of the new resource is both inequitable and inefficient. They are talking of creating a mechanism for reallocating some of the funds – an amount of $100 billion is mentioned – to developing countries. If done effectively, the reallocation could help African countries deal with COVID-19, climate change and their many other economic and social challenges.
It is also an opportunity for African countries to begin reforming their relationship with the IMF. But this will require them taking the initiative to ensure that the reallocation mechanism is fully responsive to African needs and is accountable to Africans.
To understand what Africa needs to do, it’s helpful to review the history of Special Drawing Rights.
A short history
In 1969, the IMF member states authorised the organisation to issue Special Drawing Rights. At the time, the leading member states were becoming concerned that countries might not be able to obtain enough dollars to meet their trade and financial needs, which would adversely affect the global economy. They thought Special Drawing Rights could help overcome this shortage.
To encourage states to hold Special Drawing Rights, they decided that there would be no policy conditions attached to their use. However, in order to ensure that countries would not use Special Drawing Rights imprudently, they decreed that their use would carry an interest charge.
The membership also decided that the Special Drawing Rights would be allocated to the members according to their quotas in the IMF. This meant that the majority would always go to the richest and most powerful IMF member states, which were unlikely to actually use them. Their use was also restricted to transactions with the IMF, other IMF member states and any other organisations that the IMF explicitly authorised to hold Special Drawing Rights — today there are 15 such organisations.
Special Drawing Rights have not played a major role in global finance over the past 50 years. One reason is that the IMF had the financial resources and bargaining power to convince states to adopt policies that made it unnecessary to issue new Special Drawing Rights.
This is now changing.
Comparing the IMF’s role in the 1982 sovereign debt crisis and its role in the current COVID pandemic helps illustrate the changes.
Then and now
In 1982, many Latin American sovereign borrowers were in danger of defaulting on their debts. This had serious implications for their largest creditors, the big US banks. This situation threatened the US banking system as well as the stability of the international financial system and the global economy.
Both debtors and creditors turned to the IMF for help. It responded by providing financing to the debtor states on condition that they adopted tough policy reforms, that their creditor banks provided new financing and that they renegotiated their debts. For example, the IMF provided Mexico with US$3.4 billion to meet its debt obligations in exchange for the country substantially cutting its budget deficit and implementing structural reforms and the commercial banks extending $1.5 billion in new funds and rescheduling $23 billion of Mexico’s total debt.
Forty years later a very different scenario unfolded.
In the early days of the pandemic the fortunes of most countries were more influenced by the actions of the world’s key central banks and by private investors than by the IMF. Unlike in 1982, the IMF no longer had the resources or bargaining power to drive the global response to a financial crisis.
In March 2020, investors, panicked by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, withdrew from domestic and international financial markets, thereby reducing the financing available to sovereigns, corporations and households. The major central banks responded swiftly by injecting over US$10 trillion in dollars and other convertible currencies into financial markets, and taking actions to support other central banks. These actions provided support to commercial banks and other financial institutions which, in turn, decided how to allocate the trillions among their many sovereign, corporate and household clients.
The IMF response was much weaker and slower. From the advent of the pandemic until 30 June 2021, it has provided about $115 billion to 85 countries and $726.75 million in debt relief to 29 low-income member countries.
Opportunity to gain lost ground
This month’s issuance of Special Drawing Rights is an opportunity for the IMF to regain some of its lost influence in global economic governance. It is working with its membership to create a mechanism through which rich countries can reallocate a substantial portion of their Special Drawing Rights to help poorer countries.
So far, these discussions have focused on an existing, but controversial, IMF trust fund, the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust. The IMF has historically used the fund to provide concessional financing to low-income countries in return for them adopting harsh policies, including raising taxes and cutting social spending.
There is therefore also talk of creating a new mechanism, the Resilience and Sustainability Trust. But this would take time and would depend on the outcome of complex and unpredictable negotiations among the IMF member states.
Time, however, is of the essence. Neither the IMF nor developing countries can afford to wait too long for the reallocated Special Drawing Rights to begin flowing and being used effectively to help those most in need.
This creates an opportunity for Africa to work with the IMF to ensure that the reallocation mechanism meets Africa’s needs as closely as possible.
What should Africa do?
Africa should call for reforms that will make the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust more responsive to African needs and more accountable to Africans. In particular, the IMF should take the following three actions. All can be implemented by the IMF management and board on their own initiative:
- Create a third African chair on its board of executive directors. Currently, sub-Saharan Africa only has two seats on the 24-member board, each representing over 20 African countries. A third chair would help ensure that Africa had a louder and more effective voice on matters relating to the use of the trust and other IMF policy matters.
- The IMF should follow the example set by all other international financial institutions and draft and publish operational policies applicable to the use of all IMF resources, including Special Drawing Rights. This is becoming more necessary as the IMF begins to add new, important but complex topics such as climate, inequality and gender-based budgeting to its areas of interest and operation.
- The IMF should establish an independent ombudsman that can receive and investigate complaints from stakeholders who claim that the IMF has not acted in full compliance with its own policies and procedures and that they have been harmed as a result.
Danny Bradlow, SARCHI Professor of International Development Law and African Economic Relations, University of Pretoria
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.